Effects of the Fur Trade on Native Societies Essay Example for Free

Effects of the Fur Trade on Native Societies EssayBetween the 15th and the nineteenth century the fur dowery and slave manage connected the global commerce, and played a significant role in world history. distributively of them transformed the destiny of northeast American and African society. Politically, economically and culturally, north Americans were dying slowly in seemingly more peaceful fur trade, and Africans were outright hit by the wreaked havoc of slave trade. North Americas ostensible peace with the outside world could not avoid civil wars, as African peoples self-protection could not avoid European gory violent human plunder. In Africa, people were still live in a village community system with introverted self-governments. When colonists came, larger-than-life kingdoms fragmented because the increasing of trade and arms. In this way, there was not a large-scale disorder or uprising in native Africa. As a result, small societies suffered from frequent sla ve raiding.As long as their own village was safe, they passively watched as people in other villages were raided and sold. Benin was a developed state in West Africa. In the 16th century the oba banned slave trade and relatively avoided slave traders. They bought arms from Europeans to protect themselves, but never helped others. In consequence, the power of oba declined in the 18th century and they could not stop the slave trade any more (456-457). When armed aggressors burst in small villages, they could not even protect themselves like Benin, but just be pillaged in desperation. Native Americans maintained cooperative relationships with Europeans under the fur trade. It protected them from extinction and slavery like those in Africa. However native people noticed the avail of the fur trade, and then the profit of trade intensified the competition among tribes. They began to demand guns to deal with other tribes and Europeans had gun. Therefore a circulation of furs and guns was formed, and the increasing of arms imports aggravated the governmental conflicts of native people.In other words, more trade, more warfare. Fur trade brought North America both modern civilization and prolonged damage, yet the African economy was directly attacked by slave trade. North Americans traded furs with Europeans and received foreign goods and benefits such as pots, guns and metals. Europeans finished products gave them modern technology and tools, and caused the self-sufficiency system to transform to agricultural villages. Hurons lived in North America in the early seventeenth century. They traded legion(predicate) beavers and received copper pots, metal axes, knives, cloth, firearms, and alcohol (447). It was a big step for North America, to become a modern and developed society. Nevertheless, it was also the start of a long-term decline. By the 1760s, hunters in southern British colonies took just about 500,000 deer every year (446). Hunters largely kil guide indust rious animals, the amount of them sharply decreased.The fur trade absorbed labor supply, and restricted other developments. In reality, North America had been lagged behind chronically under the simple and dependent economic system caused by fur trade. Unlike North America, Africa had been steadily developing for a while in sixteenth century. The slave trade, was unprecedented havoc for native people and society. Just demographically, Africa lost millions of population in the fifteenth through nineteenth century. The productivity was greatly broken. The economy stagnated, or even retrogressed without technology. Both native North American and African people lost part of their ethos and native culture. North America was changed more by profit motive however Africa was forced by demographical transformation and government avarice.Before Europeans arrival, North Americans led a primitive lifestyle as a part of nature. They had laggard tools and technology but mastered natural environm ent. Their moral quality could be support by the origin of Thanksgiving holiday Native Indian helped European settlers tide over the hard time. Although they were economically backward, their spiritual civilization was wealthy. But aft(prenominal) they began to trade with Europeans, they killed animals in quantity, overly reclaimed land, and broke their belief of nature. The benefits of furs led people to trade for guns and fight other tribes. Many of them became alcoholics, spent a lot of money to buy rum and brandy. They used foreign products all the time, and forgot their traditional crafts. In Africa, Europeans raided and drove away people in different cultures, and exterminated many ancient civilizations.The Europeans business living human without caring whether they lived or died, was a bloody humiliation in the history. The hard truth is that many native authorities joined slave trading for their own interest. Dahomey was a highly authoritarian state in eighteenth century. They fully participated in slave trade and helped Europeans perplex a lot of native people (456-457). It was a miserable shame of African culture and entire human history, that the chiefs of states helped invaders do human trafficking. Both trades certainly destroyed a part of native civilization, and changed a part of people. The politics, culture and economy of the native North Americans were gradually negatively affected while trading with Europeans and Africans were rapidly devastated by large human raid. Once, struggling in the wheel of history, they grew and died.

Reproductive Rights as a Historical and Feminist Issue Essay Example for Free

Reproductive Rights as a Historical and Feminist Issue EssayOne of the biggest erupts facing women in American society today has been an issue bouncing around in politics for decades fruitful repairs. Women can never suck up equal opportunity to men with come out of the closet equal opportunity to make their birth decisions about their bodies. Reproductive rights for women not only include the right to abort a pregnancy, but it also involves any choice a woman may make concerning her body.She must have the right to choose when she wants to get pregnant, choose when she wants to have sex, have easy access to information about her body and reproductive system, as well as access to contraceptives and non-stigmatized medical care. Todays women in American society still have to battle the right to information, the right to contraceptives, and the right to abortion. Sex Education in public schools has always been a widely debated topic in American History. Determining what info rmation to give out and how old the children need to be is constantly being argued.However, many a(prenominal) programs are only preaching abstinence, especially to young women. Young men on the other(a)(a) hand get the condom talk. Very little information about female contraceptives, physical or medicinal, is ever discussed in these sex education sessions. Rebecca Walker, in 1995, wrote that young women must be treated as growing, learning, individuals, and need information concerning sex and access to birth control and abortion in order to conjure up their self-esteem and protect them from violence.With limited access to information, women are being denied the ability to make a fully cognitive decision about their bodies. Even women who have hear about female contraceptives tend to still only know very little about their options. Most women have only ever heard or relied on the pill, which during long-term use can sometimes have negative side effects on women. In its early st ages of development and use, many women suffered severe side effects from the drug. The stigma against female contraceptives is very interesting. Could this be a resurgence of the idea that women should not have sexual inclinations?Female condoms, diaphragms, and other barrier methods besides the male condom can be confusing and intimidating for a woman to seek out, and many resort to the pill or being careful. In this instance both information and availability go hand-in-hand to allow women the knowledge to make an informed decision about their body. In 1891, Harriot Stanton Blatch (daughter of known Elizabeth Cady Stanton) spoke out about a new term Voluntary Motherhood. She claimed that the upheld idea of motherhood as the highest moral position woman should strive to bring home the bacon was a lie, and that women who mothered unwelcome children were scorned.This creates another example of a double standard placed against women in society. The most notable of reproductive rig hts issues debated throughout history and into the lay is the constitutionality of abortion. In 1973, the famous Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court case made all state laws against abortion deemed unconstitutional. However, lawmakers sought to impose regulations that still unbroken women from being able to control their bodies, defining who, when, and under what condition a woman could have the procedure.Many pro-life activists began criminal attacks on abortion clinics, 167 were inform between 1982 and 1997. 3 Feminists, especially in the second-wave movement, insisted that the choice of having an abortion was not a medical or criminal debate, but a highly personal decision that belonged only to the woman who was pregnant. 4 Women of color in American society during the 1970s also faced reproductive rights issues of their own. Many women of color in low frugal standing were pressured into having sterilization procedures.These women were forced to make the life-altering decision usually while they were on the table just after delivering their child. Female sterilization of colored women at this time was equated to racial genocide, as it drastically cut down the predicted birthrate. Repugnant as this was, many states were chastised because they would fund these sterilizations but they would not tolerate welfare programs to support these same families. Women should be able to make their own decisions about their bodies, especially when it comes to their sexual identity.Women should be able to decide whether or not they want to swing a child, and those who argue that women who deny motherhood are not listening to the women who argue for reproductive rights. Women need the power to control their bodies because that is the epitome of owning the power to be considered an equal in society. Women would not end up in abusive situations concerning their bodies if information and prevention were more readily available. With knowledge comes power, and that is proven in all (prenominal) argument through history. Argument for reproductive rights becomes a national topic every time the presidential race rolls around.

Counterculture of Gypsies

Counterculture of GypsiesA counterculture is a subculture that rejects the major values of the larger society, and replaces them with a new localize of cultural patterns (Thomas). The Gypsies are just one example of a counterculture. Gypsies generally rejected the bourgeois values They rejected private property, materialism, and moral values. Gypsies had no perdurable residency and survived on little material wealth. The Gypsies pursued detached lives that included use of drugs, alcohol, and they besides believed in open sexual freedom. They lived merely for the arts and bliss (Mtholyoke.edu). In the nineteenth century the bohemian gypsies became recognized for representing a counterculture of artists, musicians, poets and writers (Turman). The history of the gypsies persisted to be unknown for years. A huge reason for the uncertainty of this culture was because of their omit of written linguistic, and their lack of understanding of their origin. The name Gypsy was derived from Egypt, which was where they commonly claimed to originate from. It was finally revealed that the capital of Italyni language was closely correlated to dialects of the Indian language (Watkins). The Gypsies, or itinerantni people originated in Northern India and migrated into the Middle East and eventually spread across Europe (scottishgypsies.co.uk).The sociological perspective is the viewing of a groups behaviour in a systemic way, rather than depending on common-sense explanations (Thomas 4). The three main sociological perspectives are the functionalist perspective, the interactionist perspective, and the conflict perspective. The functionalist perspective views society as a slump of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable mixer system (Thomas 14). Using the functionalist perspective, it can be perceived that the gypsies detached, private lives and confusion against the bourgeois values identifies the culture as a dysfunction. If the gypsies norms were lab eled as dysfunctional, it would mean that they give birth a negative consequence on the stability of the genial system (Thomas 14). The interactionist perspective focuses solely on how individuals interact with one another in society and how individuals attach meanings to their actions (Thomas 17). Using the interactionist perspective, sociologists look at certain aspects such as marriage rituals and child development. The gypsies after marriage are expect to live with the parents of the husband for at least a year and are expected to have three or four children it is very unusual for a couple to have only two children. Once they move in, the bori or wife, takes on most of the household tasks. Once the children arrive, the women are in charge of child care, but it is not strange for them to turn to relatives for assistance. Men and women are both genial towards children and the children are brought up in loving environments. Children begin to help their parents at a young age. T hey begin to train in whatever the family chooses for their kids to pursue whether it be singing, dancing, or woodwork. Girls learn household tasks and they marry by the time they reach mid-teens (Christobel). The conflict perspective focuses on the forces in society that promote competition and change. contest sociologists research includes decision-making in the family and relationships among racial groups (Thomas 16). Using the conflict perspective, sociologists will see that the Gypsies are observed by outsiders as coming from a low cordial status and they are categorized as different for their carefree lifestyle. Sociological imagination is the ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives (Thomas 5). Due to the gypsies different lifestyle and their practices not being accepted, they focused a lot of their attention on the arts. The original collection of the theater was moralistic and was created by Gypsies (Christobel). The Gypsies also are w ell known for their fortune-telling, which was an important part of their belief. Gypsy women sold fortunes by reading palms and tarot cards (Christobel). The Roma gypsies have wedge American culture directly with their mysticism and creative abilities. The Gypsies are also most well-known for their musical contributions. The Gypsies have contributed to current American music, and are also accredited for their creation of the Flamenco, in Spain. Possibly one of the best jazz guitarists, Django Rheinhardt, who is a renowned Gypsy, also contributed to American culture (Heimlich). The gypsies have also influenced personal manner in this generation. Today there are bohemian trends or boho, which are rustic and carefree.Ethnocentrism is the tendency to see ones own culture and group as excellent (Thomas 35). If you have ever heard the saying when someone is to con another person, they gyp them, this is derived from the stereotype created by non-Gypsies. This saying is not accurate bec ause the Gypsies generally had a lower crime rate than other ethnicities (Heimlich). In 1939 through 1945 there was the genocide of the Roma gypsies, which was when the Nazis decided that the Gypsies were racially inferior. The Nazis were against those who lived the gypsy lifestyle. The Nazis established these people as culturally undesirable and as a result, they mistreated them. The Nazis had no way to categorize and determine gypsies from a desirable individual, so they turned to racial hygiene and began to try and figure who the gypsies were, based on physical appearance. It was estimated that approximately 90 percent of all of the Roma in Germany, had contaminated blood, meaning they were mixed and were carriers of spend blood and unlawful characteristics (Ushmm.org). The Germans in this time period believed any other culture or race other than pure Germans could possibly pose as a threat to society. As a result, the Nazi Germans exterminated nearly one million Gypsies. Discr imination is console an issue today for Gypsies, along with marginalization. The European Gypsies today are still without sufficient medical aid and they do not receive the same job opportunities. They are deprived from certain privileges imputable to their culture and ethnic background (Padden).Cultural Relativism is the belief that cultures should be judged on their own standard rather than applying the standards of another culture (Thomas 36). There are the Romungro, The Boyash, and the Roma Gypsies all of which have different locations in Hungary and their standards vary based on their settlement. The Romungro are Gypsies that have lost their language and associate with middle class in society. These Gypsies have higher education expectations, but are still proud of their gypsy origin. The Boyash Gypsies are despised by the Roma Gypsies, due to their integration. They are unbloody and hard-working. Music, dancing, and language remain important elements in the Boyash Gypsies cul ture. The Romas are the real Gypsies. They have continued to save their traditional culture which include their language, clothing, music, and dancing (Katalin, Forray R.Beck Zoltn). All of these subcultures of gypsies have continued to keep the certain values of their culture and not completely conform to the standards of the of a larger culture. Today you can still find Roma Gypsies who continue to practice their cultural beliefs and standards in a society with different expected norms.I feel as if in todays society, the original Roma Gypsies would still be considered a counterculture. Despite having lost most of their original Romani language, they still preserve cultural identity and selectiveness (Heimlich). Their culture differs too much from todays social norms and would still be considered different or odd. After lots of research, I have discovered that there are many Gypsy subcultures that have fitted to certain norms and that do not follow the Roma Gypsy standards complet ely. I feel as if some of the Gypsy subcultures would be accepted in todays society.ReferencesChristobel, Maya. The-Gypsy-Life.com. 19 May 2015. Web. 10 frame 2017.Heimlich, Evan. Everyculture.com. 26 February 2015. Web. 10 March 2017.Katalin, Forray R.Beck Zoltn. Gypsy Studies. University of Pcs, 2008. Book. 10 March 2017.Mtholyoke.edu. n.d. Web. 10 March 2017.Padden, Kathy. Todayifoundout.com. 4 June 2014. Web. 10 March 2017.scottishgypsies.co.uk. 2004. Web. 10 March 2017.Thomas, W. LaVerne. Sociology The Study of Human Relationships. Austin Holt, Rinehart Winston, 2003. 39. Textbook.Turman, Karen. BOHEMIAN ARTISTS AND REAL BOHEMIANS. . 2015. infona.pl. Journal. 10 March 2017.Ushmm.org. 2017. Web. 10 March 2017.Watkins, James A. Owlcation.com. 27 December 2016. Web. 10 March 2017.

The Value Of Assessing Performance Business Essay

The Value Of Assessing Performance Business EssayAn appraisal is an assessment of an employees cognitive operation, potential, and developmental needs. It is also an opportunity to review the employees quality of practise, to f tout ensemble on what has been achieved during the period and agree upon the objectives going forward. Appraisals can benefit both employers and employees by improving their job performance, making it easier to identify what they are doing well, what they need to alter upon, and the most suitable action that needs to be taken for the future.I work for Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC) being a governmental authority DMCC is obligated to act up annual and half yearly appraisal process. The mid-year appraisal helps to review the first six months performance and to highlight on areas that need improvement, thereby giving an employee adequate to(predicate) time to image that her/his individual objectives are achieved during the year-end performance revie w. This formal appraisal process is usually written and includes filling out a performance review form signed by both the line-manager and the employee. An important compvirtuosont of DMCCs performance appraisal process is the setting of SMART goals. SMART Goals are extensively known and renowned tools in performance management. Every employee is asked to document a series of goals that are Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, and Time-bound. Subsequent to the line managers mutual approval the employee then whole works towards accomplishing these goals in the year ahead.Besides the two formal bi-annual appraisal sessions, we also conduct informal appraisal and feedback sessions every quarter. These sessions may include feedback that is not constantly positive. It is always better to encourage the employees to view their appraisal as an opportunity, not a threat to their professional wellbeing. More importantly the line-manager must ensure that the see is a two-way convers ation, not a lecture. A performance appraisal needs to be honest, even when employees might not always want to ascertain what their line-manager has to say.The success of the appraisal process depends on the line-managers readiness to complete a productive and objective appraisal and on the employees readiness to respond to constructive suggestions and to work with her/his manager to reach future goals.Motivating the team to improve performance in the workplaceThere are various factors that influence how employees behave at workplace and it all depends onthe nature of work that she/he does. For instance, it is fair to assume that an employee working within customer services is goingto get influencedby how the customers behave. Also, the environment at the work place is very influential of how other colleagues behave with each other. If colleagues do not get along with one some other(prenominal) at work then they may not perform to the best of their ability and may struggle to meet the objectives that the employer has set.Therelationshipbetween employees and the employer is also another main factor that affects the behaviour of an employee. It is possible that the employeesare not happy with certain factors or motions at thework placeand therefore they do not feel passionate about their work. Thus, the line manager must ensure thather/his team members are happy and re-think what improvements can be made to ensure that all employees are influenced to positively. There is a universal rule that happy employees contribute significantly in havinga successful business.While it is important to discipline an employee for price doing, it is equally important to praise someone for achieving a challenging task. Motivation can be of many different forms. No standard form of motif works for every person. Each form influences unique behaviour. Since each persons personality differs, so does the type of motivation.I work as a Senior financial Accountant at Dubai Multi Co mmodities Centre (DMCC). Having completed four years in my current role and six years overall I have seen myself turn out and transform into different leadership styles. Currently supervising a team of three junior accountants, I am responsible of ensuring accurate and timely inform of financial performance monthly. In my job I too have challenges to face when it comes to delivering management reports on time and ensuring that the reports have no material errors or omissions. There have been instances when the system goes down and reports have to be compiled manually, which can take longer time and require late sittings. Motivating juniors to be hardcore and deliver despite odds is difficult if not done regularly. Incentive is acommon form of motivation that includes both monetary and nonmonetary compensates. I accent and ensure my team is always content and the work load is shared evenly among the team. The weekly team meetings and quarterly appraisals sessions are useful to g age a better understanding of the team and brainstorm collectively to find solutions to issues. Each one of us has different core competencies and utilizing the strengths of each individual productively is termed telling management.Renowned psychologist Abraham Maslow established the motivation theory which categorizes the five human needs ranging from basic survival like food and shelter to the need for self-actualization. Maslow believed that erst one need is satisfied, an individual pursues to attain the next need. When applied to workplace, the theory implies that the line-manager must understand the existing needs level of each employee to ascertain what will stir up her/him. To illustrate, a new hire that has been unemployed for an extended time will motivated mostly by the need for basic survival. Alternatively, an employee focused on locomote advancement would be more inclined to achieve self-actualization thus it would be wise to allocate her/him to higher-level tasks.C arrot and Stick is the one of the most traditional motivational theory recognized by philosopher Jeremy Bentham. It splits motivation into two basic elements incentives and devotion. Some employees are motivated by the aspiration to earn higher compensation, a thirst to achieve status and power by moving up the ladder, or the need for commendation. But some employees act better out of fear the fear of losing a job, being reprimanded by their line-manager or the inability to adequately perform a task. In my team, I often use the carrot and stick proficiency depending on the situation. The need to achieve a higher rating during the performance appraisal review session encourages employees to perform better and the fear of being place low encourages employees to pull up their socks and improve their productivity. Since the performance rating is directly linked to compensation increments, every employee is motivated by the higher monetary reward carrot.The value of feedback in the wo rkplaceRegular feedback is essential to improve efficiency and harmony within the team. In most mediocre companies accumulative feedback is given once during the annual performance appraisal session. Conversely in a productive workplace, effective feedback is given at each opportunity. The line manager must ensure that feedback be given both at an individual level as well as the team level. Feedback should be relevant, sincere, and more importantly positive feedback should surmount negative feedback. Furthermore the line manager must ensure that she/he build a positive basis which makes any criticism more congenial and understandable. well-favoured frequent positive feedback encourages discussion and helps the employee to accept correction or criticisms feedback with a healthy attitude. The line manager should also give feedback that is unique(predicate) and individualized. Giving lump sum feedback or team feedback is generalized and does not contribute as much to motivate produc tivity or create positive change. When the feedback applies to specific goal, employee, or objective it is more effective and has more power to impact behaviour.Pages = 3Words = 1,260

Gender roles in the nursing profession

Gender roles in the nursing callingThe discussion of the results is presented in this chapter. More specifically, it presents, the demographic data gathered, the phallic nurses point of view in choosing to be in the nursing profession, their experiences as phallic nurses, and the stereotyping regarding manlys experienced in the profession. Most of the essence(p)ly, this chapter of the thesis presents relevant literature that support and disputed the results give by the research. Also, the strengths and limitations of the test argon discussed.5.2 Demographic dataThe thesis results showed, in relation to the demographic data, that the volume, 28 nurses, or 80.7% of the phallic nurses were amid the bestrides of 20 to 35 years old and that 32.2% worked for less than five years. This data conformed to the data gathered from a qualitative study of Lou et. al., (2009), where 83.8% of the p trickicipants were under the age of 35 years, and 49.4% had been working for less than f ive years.The present results revealed that a greater part of the mannish nurse population was diploma holders (59%) and 26% baccalaureate graduates. These results ar akin to Lous et. al., (2009), studies conducted in Taiwan where 47.1% of male nurses were in the possession of an undergraduate degree The thesis results showed that male nurses usually worked in male wards (58%) and mixed wards (42%) and never (0%) in egg-producing(prenominal) wards. These mixed or male wards included the emergency departwork forcet, operating room, pediatric area, psychiatry, checkup area, and intensive care unit (LaRocco, 2007).Similarly, in Norway and some other westward countries, male nurses usually worked within the health sectors limited parts such as the psychiatry and acute medicine ward and administration (Bakken 2001). In terms of speciality, 24% worked in the operating rooms (Lou, et.al. 2009, p 905). In fact, psychiatry is one of the most common fields where 15% of all male nurse s dislodge to (Abrahamsen, 2004). Further more than than, Dassen et.al. (1990) found that in The Netherlands, custody were dominating technical wards, and critical care units(p.367). It seems that they wanted to be involved in less feminine aspect of nursing. As Evans argues (1997), to compromise his reputation in patriarchal company, work force in nursing develop different st treasuregies as to occupy administrative and elite specialty positions in order to protect themselves from the feminine enter of nursing .The latest results from UK reveal that one third of the almost 100,000 nurses who have a mental health energy are men (Torjensen Waters, 2010, p.21).In the 1960s, men were non allowed to enter the delivery room and this still remains until today. Even though inequity is diminishing, situations like these in areas such as the obstetrics and gynecology departments continue (Chung, 2006). This may then be attributed as the primary reason why the study results found that 0% of the resolutions worked in female wards. However, it is worth mentioning that in Malta, up to the 1960s female nurses were excluded from the male wards (Camilleri, 1964).5.3 Challenges that male nurses encounter at workThe present findings indicated that approximately fractional of male nurses were aware of opportunities in the nursing profession. With increased postgraduate qualifications, pursuance of art objectagerial positions is fast paced (OLynn Tranberger, 2006, Marsland, et al, 2003) among the male nurse responsives, and their propensity to earn more is ameliorate (Hader, 2005). Also, studies found that it is easier or quicker for males to acquire top managerial positions than their female counterparts (Kvande 1998, Hoel 1995). Similarly, Abrahamsen (2002), findings showed that 70% of male nurses after twenty years from graduation were in leading position, and away from somatic wards. Furthermore, Yang (2004) found that the male nurses future development has mor e potential because their careers would not be disrupted by a maternity leave. In addition, an interview done by LaRocco (2007), confirms as one man stated that creation a male in a predominantly female profession sets you up to be recognized (p.127).In contrast, most of the respondents in this survey, or 61% disagreed that men in nursing are promoted quickly, which is not in the placement with the statement of Williams (1992), that men in nursing are privileged minority which enables them to move out of female dominated profession by the glass escalator clause to the most rewarded and respected jobs reserved nevertheless for men in this patriarchal society.In relation to this, LaRoccos (2007), study showed that one man revealed his income to be below $50,000, tour three indicated that theirs was greater than $100,000 per year (p.123). However, the findings of Stoltenberg et.al.,(2008), suggest that nursing needs to continue to raise the bar redeem, because only 46.67% of male nurses rated nursing as financially rewarding. Hence, these results are in agreement with the thesis results findings where only 32% of male nurses agreed that nursing provides good salary and benefits.Despite these advantages, some men, however, find inequities in other fields, like obstetrics and gynecology, which put considerable pressure on them (Williams 1995, Tseng 1997). Truly, Hart (2005) found that 56% of male nurses were seen as muscles(p.48), and uncaring by their female colleagues, respectable because of their gender. This then puts a strain on how the male and female nurses communicate with their colleagues (Hart, 2005).Furthermore, some studies found that males perceive that being in a predominantly female profession brings almost a low status upon the male nurses ( macDougall, 1997 Williams, 1989). In History of Nursing in Malta, during 19th Century, it was written that the social class from which nurses were recruited was unlettered and without any education, and that the same conditions existed in other European countries (Camilleri,1964). Also, labeling nursing as an extension of womens domestic role devaluated profession in relation to male occupation. Although this meet is changing, many negative images still persist. Further still, in relation to the slight increase of men in the nursing profession, uneven numbers of male nurses are leaving compared to female nurses due to deficient respect from their colleagues, job dissatisfaction and problems arising in a predominantly female profession (Sochalski, 2002).However, results in this research revealed that majority, or 88%of respondents disagreed that men in nursing feel insecure because it is a female dominated profession. Findings in this thesis suggest that male nurses in Malta do not feel as they are crossing segregated work boundaries, and infiltrate in female domain (Bagilhole Cross 2006, p.35). In addition to, 71% of men in nursing in this survey expressed that they are satisfied with the work they do. As one respondent wrote nursing is a males profession as the other profession or jobs are. Hence, this result tally with findings of Rochlen et. al., (2009) where men employed as nurses were satisfied with their work in non-traditional career. According to Avery (2007), despite the feminine image in nursing, nursing is profession for everyone, due to the fact that men were present in nursing since 250 B.C when males-only nursing schools opened in India(p.1). They continued playing an important role in nursing (Meadus, 2000), until Florence Nightingale stated that Every woman is a nurse, establishing nursing as only one gender profession.(Fitzerald, 2007), and portraying the front line of the men nurse in this profession as an anomaly(Meadus, 2000, p.6).5.4 Respondents motivation for choosing a traditionally female professionThe present findings indicated that 48% or fifteen male nurses choose the nursing profession to help others. As one male nurse replied there is nothing better than being able to help people, and bringing smile to others. However, 16% or 5 respondents stated that the money kept them in the profession. These results coincide well with previous studies of Bartlett et.al.,(1999) where altruism and job satisfaction, modifynatively than extrinsic rewards, have been found to be the main motivating factor for male nurses. Furthermore, Laroccos (2007) study showed that eight men specifically stated that connecting with patients and aiding people are important factors when nursing is considered. One participant also added that I just thought of nursing as caring for patients (LaRocco, 2007, p.126).Moreover, according to Boughn (1994), Brown and Srones (1971), Bush (1976), Garvin (1976), Mannino (1963) and Perkins et al. (1993), interaction with patients and helping people are important reasons in choosing nursing. Even Taylor et al. (1983), Skevington Dawkes, (1988), Galbraith, (1991), Cyr, (1992), Kelly, et al (1996), MacDougall, (1997) suggested that caring for others and having the desire to be of help is a main factor for men in choosing a career in nursing.Family and friends also served as the motivation for the resulting 26% or 8 of the male nurses who took part in this thesis survey. decreed family influence, like a nurse relative, a mother who is a nurse, became a good motivation for men. Moreover, in La Roccos (2007) study, five of the interviewees had a mother nurse. This response was found to be similar to the results of this thesis where three males had a mother nurse, and surprisingly one respondent had both parents working as nurses. Also, these findings conformed to the data collected from a qualitative research of Whittock et. al., (2003), where positive influence, for most participants, on choosing nursing as a career comes from the parents, specifically mothers who worked in nursing sector or other healthcare profession. Also, friends who gave positive reactions helped with the ir career choice of being a nurse (LaRocco, 2007). Eleven men in LaRoccos (2007) study, claimed that their family was very pleased with their career choice.In contrast, some men were discouraged by both family and friends, to enter the field of nursing and other medical fields (LaRocco, 2007). As found in a study done in the UK, only 12% of the male nurses said that their parents were happy about their career choice (Skevington Dawkes, 1988). Abrahamsen (2004), also stated that most men who decide to qualify as a nurse find themselves problematic because the decision to become a nurse causes family and friends disbelief and surprise. In a society where nursing is seen as a female profession, very often family and friends ask, You want to be a nurse? Why not a doctor? I guess they feel that traditionally males are doctors and females are nurses.( Chung, 2006, p.1).Other than that, ten percent of the male nurses who served as the respondents for this study stated that their motivatio n was good pay and security. It seems that nursing in Malta, according to the data collected from the survey, is being one of the last secure job posts, as one respondent replied. Furthermore, Yang (2004), interviewed a man who stated One day I noticed a statement in the newspaper which said, Male nurses earn as much as NT$ 50,000 per month, so I put nursing department down on my form as my choice (Yang, 2004, p.645). In addition, LaRocco (2007), also had a dialogue with a male nurse who stated I knew I would always have a job, and I did it for a steady job that I could handle (LaRocco, 2007, p.125 ). Most importantly, Boughn (1994) found that money and job security were two major motivations for choosing nursing. On the other hand, Simpson (2005), found several reasons that motivate men to seek a non-traditional career, and one of them was that most were not seeking entry(p.365). They entered female-dominated occupations almost bydefault in that they were not actively seeking such entry, but simply fell into it.(Williams Villemezs s, 1993 p. 66.)These results are in agreement with the results in this study where, three or 10% of respondents couldnt give the reason for choosing nursing as a career, which suggests, as found previously, that they were not actively seeking such job but simply fell into it, either through availability or convenience(Simpson , 2005, p.365).Finally, the least percentage of participant stated that they considered nursing as a last resort and one even said I didnt get accepted by any school except for that nursing one, so it was my only choice, and I studied there (Yang 2004, p.645). The findings in this thesis revealed that two nurses or 6% didnt have other career opportunity, which supports the previous research results of Yang (2004). The findings also showed that these nurses were age over 40 and with working experience of more than 20 years. These two respondents stated that fear to change, and lack of a good opportunity where t he reasons for remaining in nursing profession.5.5 Perceived stereotypes of men in nursingIn addition to the problem that nursing is a female profession, male nurses also have to baptistry the problem of overcoming the stereotype that they are gay or effeminate (Williams, 1995). Some of the stereotypes that these male nurse have to contend with were presented in the thesis results that 52% of male nurses were not embarrassed of their choice of profession. These results are similar to the findings of Hart (2005), where 40% of respondents sometimes feel awkward or defensive when asked about their profession(p.47). According to the thesis results, most of the respondents or 64% strongly disagreed that men in nursing are being questioned if they are a real men. Furthermore, 77% disagreed that men in nursing are too gay or feminine. These findings revealed that they are not in agreement with the results of several studies that have found supporting data regarding these stereotypes. For example, because of inequities, male nurses sexuality is usually questioned and they are labelled as homosexuals (Kelly, et al, 1996). Moreover, Wingfield also reported that men in nursing consider themselves as sufferers of homophobic abuse, with a respondent even claiming that Ive been called awful things-you faggot this, you faggot that (2009, p.23). Furthermore, Harding (2007), explored discourses which stereotyped or labeled male nurses as gay and conflate homosexuals and sexual predators(p.639). Also Harding (2007) reported that majority of men in nursing are heterosexual but public perception is still that most male nurses are gay. This stereotype persists only in general nursing, men working as psychiatric nurses are perceived as masculine due to need of physical strength. Although society is becoming more comfortable with men as nurses, nearly half or 48% of the respondents experienced the stereotype that men choose nursing because they failed to enter a medical course.Beca use of the situations and stereotypes, a more serious stereotypical belief was formed that male nurses are not appropriate caregivers (Evans, 2002). Truly, different societal norms have created concepts of caring as something that is not included in masculine images of males, and that caring falls under a female conception (Evans, 2002). Evans (2002) found out that for men nurses touching patients is potentially dangerous, and that men are vulnerable caregivers(p. 7). Similar results were found by Abrahamsen (2004), where male nurses were minority in somatic wards due to the fact that they were pressurized by their friends and family to apply for more masculine jobs or seek a leadership positions, because it is not natural for men to undertake intimate nursing tasks (p.12).Gender stereotyping creates a compound and remote situation of rejection, acceptance and doubt for male nurses ability as caregivers and nurturers (Evans, 2002). Thus, as a sad effect of this, and to avoid tight situations, some male nurses alter their caring principles and nursing roles (Egeland Brown, 1989 Kauppinen-Toropainen Lammi, 1993). Even though, studies of Ekstrom (1999) resulted that male nurses exhibit lower caring behaviours, they in general, do not effect the care given to the patients. As Mac Doughall (1997) stated, man do have ability to care, but they need to be shown how. (p.813). Lately, society is becoming more comfortable with men as nurses. As Cyr (1992), stated, the art and science of nursing has not always been a predominantly female profession(p.54).5.6 ConclusionIn all, this chapter has presented a discussion of the findings of the study. The various demographic profiles of the respondents, the reasons for choosing nursing, the experiences, and the stereotypes among male nurses in Malta were presented, with subsequent presentations of other relevant studies. At the end of the analysis and discussion, it was found that various related literatures, both old and new , confirmed the results of the study, while there were a few others that disputed it. Overall, the findings suggested that men employed in nursing, are just as committed to the profession as women.5.7 Strengths and Limitations of the studyIt should be noted that this study has several limitations and strengths. Firstly, the chosen sample does not represent male nurses as a whole. The male nurses that work in Gozo, and other different hospitals in Malta were not included in this research. Moreover, a satisfactory response rate (88.6%) helped strengthen the outcome of the study.However, the purpose of the study was not intended to allow generalisation among the male nurses working in different hospitals in Malta and Gozo.Secondly, a self- administered questionnaire was used to collect data, and thus all data that were used in this study were self-reported. Although the questions for the survey were cautiously chosen and modified by the researcher reading an extensive literature especi ally Smith (2008), it seems that some of the respondents did not understand that their sexual orientation was not questioned, but only concept of gender stereotype. To avoid similar misunderstandings, in future studies, a focus group design method could contribute to let off the motivation for choosing nursing as a profession, and career development of male nurses in a female dominated profession.The rather high response rate of 88.5% indicated that male nurses were interested in subject, and this helped strengthen the outcome of the study. Although in this study, the research tool was a questionnaire, some qualitative data were also obtained.Despite being time limited prior to specific deadlines, this study has educated and motivated the researcher to understand more nursing as a science.Although this study was stringently quantitative, some findings provided valuable information about male nurses in a female dominated profession. Further qualitative research could give clearer p icture about the real perceptions of men in nursing, and establish the extent to which the findings from this research can be applied in more general context. The next chapter shall conclude this harangue with recommendation for further research, and implications in nursing.

Book Assessment of Go Ask Alice :: essays research papers

Book Assessment Go Ask Alice 1)The most important character in the book is Alice. Her ready is not Alice but her real name is neer revealed so she is referred to as Alice. She is a lonely, middle class white teenager trying to pull by the long hard years of adolescence. Her life is not too exciting and her athletic supporters are dorky and unpopular. One summer day she is invited to mingle with the ?popular? group and she eagerly accepts. Virtually overnight, she is experimenting with drugs and doing things she never would have dreamed of doing. She wants to stop but she finds herself thinking about drugs all of the time. She becomes depressed because of the guilt she is carrying around because of all the sins she is committing. She is also genuinely ashamed because she is infatuated with a boy named Roger but she lost her virginity to a boy named Bill. Her mood swings are drastic and some days Alice is cheerful and actuate to change and the next day she hates everybody in her life and is craving 2)Alice is a lugubrious teenager who gets caught up in the world of drugs. Her diary is her best friend because she never really has a real friend. Go Ask Alice is like watching somebody?s life fall apart at the seams spot they simply sit back and watch with you. 3)One symbol in the book is problems of adolescent identity. Throughout the book, Alice is trying to find where she fits in and who really is. She is close always searching for a best friend, somebody that understands her and someone who will accept her for who she is. She is constantly worried about what people think of her and can never blend in with any group or clique or class. She is perpetually balancing between childhood and adulthood. Another symbol is the maggots and worms eating on the spur of the moment bodies she is always paranoid about. This connects with her drug use and loneliness. When her grandfather dies (who Alice calls ?Gramps?), Alice is upset and withdraws herself from society . Soon this sadness turns into paranoia about the worms and maggots eating Gramps? dead body underground. She periodically mentions being paranoid about this and sometimes wonders if she is losing control of everything including her own mind. This is associated with the notion that nobody knows what is happening to corpses six feet underground while nobody knows what is happening in her mind and how much she is struggling to keep sane.

How Effective was Athenian Democracy? Essay -- right to vote, minoriti

Plan of InvestigationBetween the years of 508 BCE and 322 CE, Greece flourished under democracy. However, few question if the flourishing of Athens is due to the democracy that was in place as opposed to other factors relevant in building a palmy community. This investigation will examine the effectiveness of Athenian democracy in Grecian society. Relevance of Athenian democracy can be seen in substructure of many democracies found worldwide. In this investigation the right to vote, protection of minorities, use of social class, the structure of democracy and how Greek democracy has influenced the world will be addressed. The place investigated will be Greece, specifically the capitol Athens. The effectiveness of Athenian democracy can be seen in social structure, protection of minorities, and right to vote, as sound as its structure and influence of other countries around the world.Summary of EvidenceBasic-Democracy literally means people-power 4th century BC ohundreds of Gree k democracies spread over Greeceonot a single political entity but a collection of 1,500 separate poleis or cities around the Mediterranean and nigrify Sea oThose cities that were not democracies were oligarchiesWhere power was in the hands of the few richest citizens oOr monarchies Of the democracies, the oldest, most stable, was AthensSocial Structure/Class-Households o at bottom the household there would be a land owner oWife and children of the house owner would come next in the hierarchy oPaid servants oSlaves The foundation of Athenian democracy was the deme , a sort of village ward. ocommunities that gave members political identityThe next level of structure was the kinship group o1... ...fornia University of California Press, 2010. aboutnewtab.Saxonhouse, Arlene. Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens. 1st ed. Cambrige, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press, 2006.Vermeer, Dura. Structure and Agency in forward-loo king Greek Education, Photograph. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost. Structure and Agency in Modern Greek Education. Accessed April 8, 2014. aboutnewtab.Womens Political Participation, July 2013. http//www.iwdc.org/resources/fact_sheet.htm.World History Ancient and gothic Eras - Athenian Democracy. Accessed April 8, 2014. http//ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/586553?terms=Athenian+democracy.World History Ancient and Medieval Eras - Greek Citizenship. Accessed April 8, 2014. http//ancienthistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/586950?terms=Greek+citizenship.